Антон Кушнир о трансформациях информационного поля Украины, отключении российских телеканалов и третьем Майдане.
Самым значительным изменением за последний год, пожалуй, стало появление эксперимента с общественным интернет-телевидением “Громадьске ТВ” – это некоммерческая организация, которая получила вначале ряд грантов, потом вела краудфандинг со зрителей (и, надо сказать, собрала очень приличную сумму). Она производила и продолжает производить компетентный медийный продукт малыми силами – на небольшой студии, без гримеров и дорогостоящего оборудования. Причем выкладывает свои сюжеты не подкастами, а по-настоящему вещает в онлайн-эфире, в том числе и прямыми включениями. “Громадьске” пошатнуло привычную медиа-картинку в Украине, особенно в дни Евромайдана.
Сегодня же «Громадське» создало свои службы вещания на русском и на английском языках. Пусть пока это лишь несколько часов в неделю, но доступность онлайн качественного, а не пропагандистского, вещания из Украины на русском, как и на английском, мне кажется чрезвычайно важным и перспективным.
Более того, его формат вернул в общественный дискурс вопрос создания общественного вещания, которое очень необходимо и Украине и другим постсоветским государствам, в которых доминируют огромные сети государственных и окологосударственных медиа. В Украине претендентом на общественное ТВ считается Первый национальный канал. У него наилучшая сеть покрытия – канал смотрят в городах и самых дальних селах – соответственно, у любой власти есть большой соблазн использовать его для пропаганды.
Аудитория в наших странах не очень искушенная в вопросах потребления новостного контента, и привыкла мыслить шаблонами. Иными словами, если зрителю в деревнях и малых городах каждый вечер по телеканалу, который они смотрели всю жизнь, говорить, что в Киеве страшные бандеровцы зарезали всех русскоязычных, они поверят – рано или поздно. Или, скажем, можно постоянно говорить, что президент хороший…
Поэтому именно этот канал, как мы считаем, должен стать общественным, получать финансирование из бюджета, но не контролироваться государственными институтами.
Идея общественного ТВ не нова, и все процедуры известны – как правило, у него есть представительный общественный совет, принимающий ключевые решения. Сейчас на Первом национальном назначили сильного руководителя, высокопрофессионального и авторитетного журналиста из Харькова. Зураб Аласания пытается менять формат, вводит адекватные стандарты и подходы, но пока это все держится исключительно на нем и его попытках изменить эту старую неповоротливую постсоветскую машину. Уйдет он – не факт, что тенденция сохранится.
Уже разработан законопроект об общественном вещании, есть группа общественных активистов, лоббирующая его принятие. Надеемся, что этот документ будет в числе первых, который будет рассмотрен новой Радой.
***
Другая тенденция в наших медиа, начавшаяся где-то за год до Евромайданаэтопоявление цензуры в прежде независимых масс-медиа. Это цензура нового формата, не похожая на ту, что практиковала администрацияпрезидента Леонда Кучмы, рассылавшая по СМИанонсы о событиях с пометкой о том, как желательно их освещать. Цензура пришла через скупку одиозными олигархами медиа-активов. Например, крупнейший украинский медиа-холдинг печатной прессы, в который входят журнал и сайт «Корреспондент», украинская версия «Форбс» и другие издания купил некий Курченко, близкий к так называемой «семье Януковича», ставший миллиардером внезапно за очень короткое время.
Из «Форбса» сразу ушло много журналистов, и мне сложно сказать, как работала там цензура, но в «Корреспонденте» у меня работали друзья – и там, в лучших тоталитарных традициях, появился целый отдел людей, которые сидят и цензурируют все материалы. То есть, цензура осуществляется не государственным аппаратом, а олигархами.
То, что они не могли скупить, подвергалось давлению со стороны прежнего режима, опять же через приближенных капиталистов, которые активно использовали медийный ресурс в собственных целях. Например, телеканал “1+1”, принадлежащий Коломойскому в период противостояния на Майдане занял умеренно промайдановскую позицию, хотя сегодня отчасти используется для дискредитации политических недругов Коломойского. Есть “Пятый канал” президента Порошенко, который обещал продать все свои бизнес-активы, за исключением медийных. Итого мы имеем потенциально неприятную ситуацию, когда у действующего президента есть свой телеканал? –хотя нужно отметить, что сегодня «5 канал» пытается соблюдать обьективность
Совладельцем телеканала «Интер» был самостоятельный игрок Левочкин, бывший глава администрации президента у Януковича, и он поначалу пытался вести более независимую политику, освещая Майдан. Но к конце года Левочкина оттеснили, менеджеров канала сменили, и он начал штамповать антимайдановский продукт., Сейчас же “Интер” стал инструментом информационной войны против Коломойского.
Майдан победил и все надеялись, что изменится медиа-ландшафт, прекратятся разборки между олигархами с использованием СМИ, но этого не произошло.
Более того, в печатный холдинг, которым до сих пор владеет Курченко,недавно руководителем была назначена Елена Бондаренко, депутат от Партии регионов. Это очень одиозная личность, оправдывающая сепаратизм на Востоке, подчеркнуто пророссийская и преданная Януковичу. В этих изданиях уже идет новая волна отставок и увольнений. Сам Курченко после падения прежнего режима обосновался в Москве. Эта ситуация очень показательна для описания медийной сферы в Украине.
***
Если говорить о российском влиянии на украинское информационное поле, то значительную роль играет уже упомянутый холдинг Курченко, уничтоживший качественные издания, превратив их в орудие пропаганды. Во время Майдана (да и сейчас в определенной мере) “Корреспондент” четко отрабатывал “антимайданные” настроения, явно преследуя не бизнес-интересы своего собственника, а политический заказ.
Однако в авангарде этого процесса стоятСМИ, которые, по мнению экспертов (хотя напрямую доказать это пока невозможно), живут на деньги Газпрома. Это бесплатная газета «Вести» с огромнейшим тиражом и журнал «Вести. Репортер». Это богатые издания с большими зарплатами и гонорарами для журналистов, а их главные редактора являются приглашенными гостями на съезде “Оппозиционного блока”, который собрал в себе остатки Партии регионов и прочих людей, близких к режиму Януковича.
Эти СМИ наверняка попытаются сыграть определенную роль на фоне событий на Востоке, но вряд ли эта роль будет сколько-нибудь решающей. Они будут играть тоньше, пытаться дискредитировать власть, но не лобовым столкновением. Прямая пропаганда с их стороны не сработает по одной простой причине – они не имеют решающего охвата. Это не Первый национальный, в любом случае. Во-вторых, большая часть качественного продукта, аналитики и дискурса транслируется по национальным телеканалам, включая дебаты в прямом эфире между партийными лидерами.
В эфире российских каналов, вещающих из Москвы, этого нет – и Украине необходимо было предпринять определенные действия, чтобы исключить из информационного поля каналы, провоцирующие вражду и дискредитирующие легитимную власть. Даже наши журналисты, съездив в Москву на неделю, смотрят тамошние новости и замечают, что к концу своего пребывания начинаешь забываться и сомневаться – а, может быть, там и правда все так, а мы, живя там, ошибаемся?
Это мощнейший манипулятивный ресурс, берущий своей массой – крайне сложно противостоять постоянному потоку монотонной информации, требующей от зрителя повиновения, а не размышления.
Поэтому в Украине отключили российские телеканалы – Первый и Россию-24. Жесткая мера, пойти на которую многие страны боятся, опасаясь общественного недовольства. В Украине возмущений по этому поводу, впрочем, не наблюдалось – думаю, дело в том, что некому. Были заявления Партии регионов и коммунистов в парламенте, но для общества отключение иностранных каналов не самое страшное и не самое важное. Большей частью люди понимают, что выбора в нынешней ситуации нет. Есть уважаемые правозащитники, стоящие на позиции, что любая цензура плоха, но и они понимают, будучи нормальными адекватными людьми, что в данном случае это мера вынужденная и оправданная.
Если бы каналы отключили год назад (никаких предпосылок при Януковиче для этого не было, но если предположить чисто гипотетически), ситуация, конечно, была бы другой. Поскольку представители Партии регионов, превратившей на тот момент все СМИ в свою трибуну, использовали любой повод для самопиара, отключение российских каналов был бы гарантированно превращен в пропагандистский инструмент, на который общество, в свою очередь, тоже, наверняка, среагировало бы иначе.
Сегодня обстановка другая – и случай с обысками, которые провели силовики в редакции бесплатной пророссийской газеты “Вести”, хорошо это иллюстрирует. Не было никаких политических заявлений, протестов – сама газета пыталась провести какие-то акции, но они были крайне незначительны и никому неинтересны. Аудитория этой газеты – люди, которым нужно почитать что-то бесплатное в метро – и их активистская мобильность не очень высокая, мягко говоря.
***
Так или иначе, пока мы не можем говорить, что после Майдана свобода и качество СМИ радикально поменялось в позитивную сторону. Телеканалы так и остались за олигархами, пресловутые медиа империи остаются одиозными, общественное вещание пока только в планах. Кроме того, есть и другая сторона – контрпропаганда против языка ненависти в российских СМИ ведет к своим перегибам. Например, в освещении конфликта на Востоке часто больше пропаганды, чем журналистики, патриотических лозунгов, чем анализа.
Интернет пространство предоставляет в этом плане больше плюрализма. В Украине эта сфера уже давно и бурно развивалась, традиционные СМИ научились хорошо работать со своими интернет-ресурсами, онлайн-издания работают и конкурируют за своего читателя. Аудитория соцсетей также очень активна – особенно в Facebook, где присутствует много политиков и журналистов, аналитиков и консультантов. Запустились проекты интернет телевидения, помимо “Громадьского” есть еще “Эспрессо ТВ” и целый ряд более мелких аналогичных проектов, которых не было еще год назад.
Год назад никто даже не ожидал, что украинцы будут так активно смотреть интернет-телевидение, а сейчас у этих стартапов большая аудитория в разных регионах страны.
Появились различные специализированные ресурсы с высоким качеством контента, в том числе ставший известным далеко за пределами Украины проект StopFake. Он был создан руками нескольких людей из Могилянской школы журналистики при Киево-Могилянской академии, хорошем вузе с солидной программой магистратуры по журналистике. Другой проект – “Информационное сопротивление” – возник из деятельности различных людей в Facebook и еще раз доказал преимущества интернет-сообщества по очень оперативному и мобильному реагированию на вызовы. На уровне госорганов даже заговорили о создании некого подразделения по информационному противодействию, хотя я скептичен в оценке перспектив такого органа – чиновничьему аппарату слишком сложно переключиться на другой формат работы и быть столь же эффективным, как частная инициатива искренне мотивированных людей.
***
Сегодня многих волнует вопрос – может ли информационный и политический ресурс, подпитываемый из Москвы, быть использован для дальнейшей дестабилизации, поставить под угрозу победу Евромайдана и перспективы свободы и демократии в Украине. Могут ли их использовать для демонтажа новой власти, например, президента Порошенко.
Проблема, между тем, заключается не только в угрозах извне, но и в рисках изнутри – например, не попытается ли президент Порошенко демонтировать свободу слова. Как кадровый политик со своим прошлым в прежних правительствах он, наверняка, имеет собственную институциональную память и практики. Пока от него не исходит никаких намеков на такой поворот в политике, но вероятность этого исключать нельзя.
А значит, нельзя допустить слабости других институтов – как государственных, так и общественных; как партийных, так и гражданских, неформальных. Сегодня украинское общество консолидировано вокруг идей государственности и целостности. Даже при наличии перечисленных выше масс-медиа с непонятной повесткой и сомнительными источниками финансирования, трудно представить, что они будут напрямую пытаться будоражить общественность мессиджами, принять которые сейчас уже никто не готов.
Тем не менее, пока еще не создана такая политическая и информационная экосистема, которая бы сделала использование СМИ для манипуляций общественным мнением невозможным, которая бы обезопасила общество от таких манипуляций со стороны кого бы то ни было. Необходимы последовательные и решительные реформы в этой сфере, потому что без нормального, сбалансированного информационного поля в Украине рано или поздно снова начнется узурпация власти, злоупотребления и народное восстание. Но в следующий раз оно может начаться сразу с оружием в руках.
Третий майдан будет катастрофой. Третий майдан Украина не переживет. Поэтому сейчас нужно действовать максимально в правовом поле и не довести ситуацию до той ситуации, когда нам понадобиться решать проблемы такими способами.
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